FEATURES OF OPTIMIZING TRANSACTION COSTS OF SMART CONTRACTS IN DECENTRALIZED MONITORING SYSTEMS BASED ON EVM

Abstract

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The article investigates the problem of economic inefficiency in the direct integration of Internet of Things (IoT) networks with decentralized blockchain platforms due to high transaction costs measured in Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Gas. The relevance of the work is driven by the rapid growth of multidimensional telemetry in critical infrastructure monitoring systems and the need to ensure an immutable audit trail without exhausting block gas limits. It is shown that traditional On-chain verification approaches and standard ABI encoding exhibit linear asymptotic cost complexity and lead to wasteful allocation of non-volatile storage (SSTORE) due to the Calldata Bloat effect. A comprehensive optimization approach for the EVM environment is proposed, combining Off-chain threshold signature aggregation (TSS) with a Bitwise Slot Packing algorithm for state variables. The paper presents the interaction architecture between edge gateways and smart contracts, the bit-level structure of consolidated 256-bit words, and an operational cascade verification algorithm covering normal monitoring, critical threshold exceedance alerts, and sensor source anomaly detection. By packing independent 16-bit sensory metrics into a single 256-bit machine word via bitwise shift operations, the useful information density of the memory slot increases from 6.25% to 93.75%. Empirical profiling confirms that the proposed model transitions smart contract verification complexity to the constant class O(1) and reduces transaction costs by up to 97.7%, maintaining a constant 46,100 Gas per epoch regardless of cluster size. The practical value of the approach lies in enabling public and consortium EVM blockchains to serve as a cost-effective, tamper-proof audit layer for environmental and industrial monitoring infrastructures, resolving the fundamental contradiction between data integrity requirements and blockchain resource constraints.